History

=__**History**__= John Locke was raised in the Enlightenment period which is characterized by its philosophies, art, and government. The Enlightenment period began in the late 16th century and continued until the end of the 17th century. This time period is "characterized by its dramatic revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics" (stanford.edu). The word "enlighten" literally means to shed light on an issue to make it clearer. The Petrine era was before the Enlightenment, and it ended with Peter I dieing and Catherine III taking the throne, setting the Enlightenment era up with its government. People in this time period relied on reason "to advocate . . . for the legitimacy and authority" of a source (princeton.edu).

Philosophy in the Enlightenment period relied on reason and logic. Many people in this time were more concerned with their reason and logic than their senses. John Locke is seen as the founding father for the Enlightenment's philosophy. Philosophers in this age were more concerned with general thought than specific theories or doctrines, and they relied on reason for their observations. John Locke is seen as the founding father for the Enlightenment's philosophy. John Locke was extremely interested in the way humans think and perceive things because of his environment; thus, many of the philosophers were interested in the human mind. These philosophers include Rousseau, Diderot, and Voltaire. Ideas presented by these philosophers fueled multiple revolts against the monarchy.

Throughout the Enlightenment, different ideas of government arose; furthermore, the ideas of a simple democracy and monarch to rule the government were popular ideas in the era. Monarchy began in this time period, but it was ended after many revolts against King Louis XVI, which ultimately led to him and his wife being beheaded along "with thousands of other aristocrats loyal to the monarchy" (1700-1800). The era's philosophy drove many revolts against the government throughout time, including Thomas Jefferson who was a Enlightenment thinker.

Literature throughout the Enlightenment period influenced different acts throughout this time. Thomas Hobbes published //Leviathan// in 1651. His text describes how a monarchy is what England needs, and it creates an image where everyone is happy with the monarchy. Hobbes based his judgment on reason and logic which represents the philosophy occurring at the time. //Leviathan// is the first work of literature written to describe a stable form of government, and surprisingly, Locke rejected Hobbes' ideas about the government. Also in this period, Diderot, Rousseau, and Kant wrote about the way humans think, and they wrote about forms of government and what it meant to be "enlightened".

The Enlightenment period is broken up into different ages to describe the multiple of ideas presented throughout the period. In the beginning of the Enlightenment period, the people liked to use reason and logic versus their senses, so this portion of the time period is called the Age of Reason or Age of Rationalism. The ideas of reason are sometimes considered the prelude to the Enlightenment ideas. The later part of the Enlightenment period is described as the Modernity Era. This term is mainly used to describe the social conditions of the period instead of the philosophy.

Manneristic art emerged in 1520, and its elegant form was prominent throughout Europe. Italy began to use the manneristic style of art, and soon, its calming style spread throughout Europe. Manneristic art "can be described as "mannered" in that it emphasized complexity and virtuosity over naturalistic representation" (metmuseum.org). This form of art presents a sort of elegance and a proper manner which was present in the beginning of the Enlightenment. Its popularity ended between the 16th and 17th century with the baroque style taking its place.



Manneristic art ended in the 17th century, and a new form of art known as the baroque style replaced it, starting in Rome. It was an insignificant artistic style in the 16th century, but the baroque style became popular at the beginning of the 17th century. This style of art was mainly encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church, but Italy soon adopted the style and spread it across Europe. Its style is iconic for its vibrant colors and emotions; furthermore, this style was "more dynamic than earlier styles" (stockton.edu). Baroque paintings had exaggerated features that were soon "interpreted to produce drama, tension, exuberance and emotions" ("Rococo"). Baroque art is always filled with emotions, such as spirit and excitement. The artistic style of baroque art was soon replaced in the Enlightenment Period by the Rococo form of art.



Rococo art brought a new elegance to the 17th century that manneristic art failed to present. This new form of art supplanted the popular artistic style known as baroque. Rococo art began in the 18th century; moreover, rococo art uses "light pastels, elaborate colors and . . . had a decorative style" ("Rococo"). This style of art is characterized by its elegance because it greatly contrasted the style of baroque art. Rococo paintings usually involve peaceful scenery with people or animals, and its style contains different floral patterns or has at least one flower within them. The painters wanted to represent the everyday life of a dignified person and to flaunt their elegance through their paintings. They used this style to set an image in people's mind (literally) on what their life should look like. Rococo art was later replaced by a new form of art to the period known as neoclassicism.

Works Cited

"Age of Enlightenment." //Princeton University//. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. "1700-1800 Age of Enlightenment." //- Smarthistory//. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. Bristow, William. "Enlightenment." Stanford University. Stanford University, 20 Aug. 2010. Web. 26 Sept. 2014. "18th-Century France: The Rococo and Watteau." //18th-Century France: The Rococo and Watteau//. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History." //Mannerism: Bronzino (15031572) and His Contemporaries//. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2014. "How the Enlightenment Affected Politics and Government." //- For Dummies//. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. "Rococo and Baroque Art." //Issworldhistory.forumotion.net//. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2014. "Survey of Western Art." //Baroque Art//. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. "The Age of Enlightenment in Europe." //HubPages//. HubPages, n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. "The Enlightenment Period." //The Enlightenment Period//. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2014.